France's 'Laïcité': The Divisive Principle Shaping a Nation

France's unique model of secularism, called *laïcité*, is a founding principle of the republic. Yet, 120 years after it became law, this strict separation of religion and state remains deeply controversial. Supporters argue *laïcité* is essential glue for French society. They believe it allows citizens of all backgrounds to live together peacefully by keeping personal faith out of the public sphere. Critics counter that the principle is increasingly used to target religious minorities, especially Muslims. They see it as a tool for discrimination, not unity. The debate centers on how to apply a century-old law in a modern, diverse France. Understanding *laïcité* is key to understanding the nation's ongoing identity struggles.